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Caste panchayats are caste(i.e. an endogamous social group) specific juries of elders of that caste for a village or at higher level in India. A village Panchayat is distinct from a caste panchayat because the former as a statutory body serves all villagers regardless of caste, although it operates with the same principles. The term Panchayat implies a body for five (Sanskrit Panch) individuals, although the number may vary in actual cases. The number is intentionally kept odd to ensure there is no tie. The Panchayat members were appointed by consensus. 〔() Justice, Human Rights and Premchand’s Panch Parmeshwar By CHARANJEET KAUR | Dec 09, 2012]〕 Traditionally, the panchayat was the body that adjudicated in open meetings on disputes involving the caste members. The issues brought before these bodies included managing temples, schools, resolving disputes involving property, marital relations, breaches of community rules (such as extravagant spending on weddings,〔(Jain Panchayat Frames Regulations to Check Lavish Weddings, Kiran Tare, The New Indian Express, 19th December 2014 )〕 eating, drinking and killing of certain animals (For example, cows) etc.). The penalties levied by the panchayat included monetary fines or in kind, to offer a feast to the caste members or to Brahmins, and temporary or permanent excommunication from the caste. Pilgrimage and self-humiliation were also occasionally imposed. Physical punishment was on occasion levied. In recent times, these issues are heard before a civil or criminal court rather than by the caste panchayat.〔(Panchayat: Indian caste government (article 9374468) ), Encyclopædia Britannica, about "caste panchayats"〕 Nevertheless, these bodies still exist and the ''panch'' (jury) do exert a leadership role within their respective groups. Historical mentions of the panchayats include the Parsi Panchayat in 1818 ,〔() Rhetoric and Ritual in Colonial India: The Shaping of a Public Culture in Surat City, 1852-1928, Douglas E. Haynes, University of California Press, 1991, p. 77-79]〕 Aror Bans Panchayat at Lahore in 1888〔() Short Ethnographical History of Aror Bans (): According to the Questions, Issue 2 Volume 756 of Tract (India Office Library) Virajananda Press, 1888]〕 and Prachin Agrawal Jain Panchayat of delhi founded in late 19th century (which runs the famous Bird Hospital in Delhi 〔(A Jain hospital exclusively for birds, D.N.Jha, MeriNews, 20 May, 2008 )〕 along with some of the oldest temples in Delhi. ==Khap== Khap is a clan or a group of related clan, mainly among theJats of Western Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.,〔( क्या है खाप पंचायत, क्यों है उसका दबदबा?, Atul Sagar, BBC 5 August 2009 )〕 〔( Identifying The Centripetal And Centrifugal Forces Through Khap Panchayats In Haryana-An Analysis Satpal Singh, Dalbir Singh, IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS) Volume 16, Issue 4 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 109-116 )〕 although historically the term has been used among other communities also .〔अब उतपति श्रावकनु के, षांप गोत की जेम | भई सु पोथिनु देषि करि, वरनन है कवि तेम ||६८२|| आगैं तो श्रावक सवै, एकमेक ही होत | लगे चलन विपरीति तव, थापे षांप अरु गोत ||६८३|| थपी वहैतरि षांप ऐ, गांम नगर के नांम | जैसैं पोथनु मैं लषी, सो वरनी अभिराम ||६८४|| Describes the 84 Jain communities, Buddhi-Vilas, Bakhtaram Sah, Samvat 1827, (1770 AD)〕 A Khap Panchayat is an assembly of Khap elders. A Sarv Khap (literally all Khaps) meeting involves an assembly of many Khaps.〔(Haryana’s biggest khap panchayat scripts history, allows inter-caste marriages, Manveer Saini,TNN | Apr 21, 2014, )〕〔( The Jats of Northern India Their Traditional Political System—II, M C Pradhan, Economic and Political Weekly, December 18, 1965 )〕 A Khap is a community organization unaffiliated with the formally elected government bodies. A Khap Panchayat is concerned with the affairs of the Khap it represents.〔( खाप पंचायतों का हृदय परिवर्तन! अंजलि सिन्हा, Sahara Samay, 26 Apr 2014 )〕 It is not affiliated with the democratically elected local assemblies that are also termed Panchayat. A Khap panchayat has not official government recognition or authority, but can exert significant social influence within the community they represent. Baliyan Khap, led by late farmer leader Mahendra Singh Tikait, is a well known Jat Khap.〔(Muzaffarnagar riots: A Jat family protected 70 Muslims in Fugna village, India Today, September 14, 2013 )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Caste panchayat」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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